Hi Tom. Yes, you are spot on. You asked what I have seen work. I think that the Agile community has completely missed the importance of leadership. The community is anarchist at heart, and that does not scale :-) . A very common malady that I see today is that tech managers stand up a pool of teams, and then they stand back and expect the teams to self-organize. It does not happen - at least not enough. A group of teams need leadership: not militaristic style old school leadership, but leadership nevertheless. Someone needs to be accountable. Someone needs to have authority. Someone needs to have responsibility for making sure that things are not missed, that teams have set up the cross-team practices that they need, that there are feedback loops, that things are running well. As the saying goes - I always forget if it was Drucker or someone else - you need someone who is outward facing, someone who relates to the teams, and someone to "make sure things get done".